http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=Iraiawiki 2026-04-05T02:29:16Z User contributions MediaWiki 1.27.7 http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Current_events_and_issues&diff=649 2025-03-12T12:06:30Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Welcome to our entry page for current events and issues!'''<br /> <br /> This page lists a summary of current events and issues from the point of view of Filipinos. Necessarily, it gives main focus on the top list of current events and issues in the Philippines. But it also allows some space for trends in the world at large insofar as these may impact the Philippines as well as overseas Filipinos.<br /> <br /> As an entry page, this page will contain links to other pages on specific events and issues, which will be updated as more relevant details become publicly available and verified.<br /> <br /> * [[Duterte war on drugs]]<br /> * [[Duterte criminal case in the ICC]]<br /> * [[Nexperia labor dispute]]<br /> * [[Ph consumer prices 2025]]<br /> * [[Ph power utilities under EPIRA]]<br /> * [[USAID cuts by the US under Trump]]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr._administration&diff=648 2025-03-12T11:46:14Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Protected &quot;Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. administration&quot; ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]</p> <hr /> <div>== Major events during the Ferdinand R. Marcos administration ==<br /> <br /> * Gradual breakup of the Marcos-Duterte &quot;uniteam&quot;<br /> * Controversies surrounding Inday Sara Duterte as VP<br /> * Crisis in agriculture<br /> * Maharlika Sovereign Fund<br /> <br /> == Specific events listed per year ==<br /> <br /> === 2022 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2022]]<br /> <br /> === 2023 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2023]]<br /> <br /> === 2024 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2024]]<br /> <br /> === 2025 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2025]]<br /> <br /> === 2026 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2026]]<br /> <br /> === 2027 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2027]]<br /> <br /> === 2028 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2028]]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr._administration&diff=647 2025-03-12T11:45:48Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>== Major events during the Ferdinand R. Marcos administration ==<br /> <br /> * Gradual breakup of the Marcos-Duterte &quot;uniteam&quot;<br /> * Controversies surrounding Inday Sara Duterte as VP<br /> * Crisis in agriculture<br /> * Maharlika Sovereign Fund<br /> <br /> == Specific events listed per year ==<br /> <br /> === 2022 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2022]]<br /> <br /> === 2023 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2023]]<br /> <br /> === 2024 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2024]]<br /> <br /> === 2025 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2025]]<br /> <br /> === 2026 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2026]]<br /> <br /> === 2027 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2027]]<br /> <br /> === 2028 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2028]]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Ferdinand_R._Marcos_Jr._administration&diff=646 2025-03-12T11:42:24Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Created page with &quot;== Specific events listed per year == === 2022 events === See also: 2022 === 2023 events === See also: 2023 === 2024 events === See also: 2024 === 2025 even...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== Specific events listed per year ==<br /> <br /> === 2022 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2022]]<br /> <br /> === 2023 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2023]]<br /> <br /> === 2024 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2024]]<br /> <br /> === 2025 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2025]]<br /> <br /> === 2026 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2026]]<br /> <br /> === 2027 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2027]]<br /> <br /> === 2028 events ===<br /> <br /> See also: [[2028]]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Philippine_history_outline&diff=645 2025-03-12T11:30:29Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>This is the Philippine history outline page. It serves as the take-off point for browsing through this site's articles, sub-outline pages, and other materials on Philippine history, from the pre-Spanish era to the current period. You might want to bookmark it for easier revisits.<br /> <br /> For a decade-by-decade and (starting in 1898) a year-by-year review of significant dates in Philippine history, you can also browse through specific decades and years in the [[General chronology of events in Philippine history]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> = Philippine prehistory =<br /> <br /> * [[The peopling of the Philippines: theories, literature, evidence]]<br /> * The probable stages of pre-Spanish social development<br /> * Pre-Spanish Luzon<br /> * Pre-Spanish Visayas<br /> * Pre-Spanish Mindanao-Sulu<br /> * Pre-Spanish external influences<br /> <br /> = Early Spanish colonial period (1521-1750) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of Spanish exploration and colonization of the Philippine islands. It may be tentatively divided into three phases:<br /> * Spanish exploration and initial colonization (1521-1571). <br /> * Expansion and consolidation of Spanish rule (1571-1650s)<br /> * Deepening of Spanish rule (1650s-1750)<br /> <br /> == Spanish exploration and initial colonization (1521-1571) ==<br /> <br /> This period covers the conditions in Spain and the rest of Europe towards the end of the 15th century that provided the impetus for opening new routes to the East Indies, and exploring and colonizing the Philippine archipelago; and the conditions of the land and people in the Philippine archipelago upon the arrival of Spanish explorers and colonizers.<br /> * Factors in Europe favorable for opening up the Philippines<br /> * Earliest Spanish expeditions to the islands<br /> * The Philippines upon the coming of Spanish colonizers<br /> * Early Philippine responses to Spanish colonization<br /> <br /> == Expansion and consolidation of Spanish rule (1571-1650s) ==<br /> * Imposition of the Spanish colonial system in key areas; pacification strategies <br /> * The feudal encomienda system; start and growth of the galleon trade (1565 onwards)<br /> * Revolts from the Dagami revolt (1567) to the Sumuroy revolt (1650)<br /> * Moro wars from 1569 (Battle of Cebu) to 1650 (Sultan Kudarat)<br /> <br /> == Deepening of Spanish rule (1650s-1750) ==<br /> <br /> This is a period during which the Spanish regime deepened its hold over widening areas of the country, excepting vast unsubjugated territories in Mindanao, Northern Luzon, and smaller interior pockets in other parts of Luzon and Visayan islands.<br /> <br /> = Middle Spanish colonial period (1750-1850) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of the maturing colonial and feudal system under Spanish rule, triggered by the rise of industrial capitalism in Europe, which in turn led to major shifts in Spanish policy on its Philippine colony.<br /> <br /> * The rise of the hacienda system and the principalia class<br /> * Decline of the encomienda system<br /> * Peak and decline of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade<br /> * Opening of the Philippine economy to world trade<br /> * Establishment of government monopolies in tobacco, wine<br /> * British invasion, major revolts in the 1760s<br /> * Economic and political reforms<br /> * Spread of liberalism<br /> <br /> = Late Spanish period (1850-1898) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of the rapid decline of the Spanish colonial and feudal system in the Philippines.<br /> <br /> * Extreme turbulence in Spain's politics from 1834 to 1873<br /> * Local government reforms of 1844 and 1847<br /> * Frequent change of Philippine governors-general in 1853-54<br /> * Educational reforms of 1863<br /> * The liberal-democratic administration of Gov. Gen. De la Torre (1869-71)<br /> * [[Impact of the Suez canal on the Philippines (late 19th century)]]<br /> * [[Rise of the Filipino ilustrado class (late 19th century]]<br /> * [[Secularization and Filipinization in the Philippine Catholic church (late 19th century)]]<br /> * [[Rising demands for Philippine political reform (late 19th century)]]<br /> * [[Cavite Mutiny of 1872]]<br /> * [[The Philippine Propaganda Movement (19th century)]]<br /> * [[La Liga Filipina]]<br /> * [[Establishment and growth of the Katipunan]]<br /> * [[Philippine Revolution of 1896-98]]<br /> <br /> = Philippine revolution against Spanish rule (1896-1898) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the first two phases of the First Philippine Revolution:<br /> <br /> == Phase 1 of the revolution (1896-97) ==<br /> from the outbreak of the Katipunan-led armed uprising in 1896 to the Peace of Biak-na-Bato<br /> * [[Discovery of the Katipunan]]<br /> * [[Cry of Balintawak]]<br /> * [[Katipunan's first skirmishes]]<br /> * [[Katipunan armed revolt spreads]]<br /> * [[Spanish reign of terror vs Katipunan]]<br /> * [[First Filipino victories vs Spain in Cavite]]<br /> * [[Rise of Aguinaldo's leadership]]<br /> * [[Katipunan factional splits in Cavite]] including the Imus Assembly<br /> * [[Execution of Rizal]]<br /> * [[Spanish offensive under Polavieja]]<br /> * [[Tejeros Assembly]]<br /> * [[Worsening Aguinaldo-Bonifacio split]]<br /> * [[Arrest, trial and execution of the Bonifacio brothers]]<br /> * [[Aguinaldo's retreat and the Biak-na-Bato Republic]]<br /> * [[Peace pact of Biak-na-Bato]] including violations<br /> <br /> == Phase 2 of the revolution ==<br /> from the outbreak of the Spanish-American war in 1898 and the resumption of the armed struggle, to the Battle of Manila and the uneasy peace that followed.<br /> <br /> * [[Armed resistance continues after Biak-na-Bato]]<br /> * [[Aguinaldo group in Hong Kong exile]]<br /> * [[Battle of Manila Bay and its direct impacts]]<br /> * [[Aguinaldo's return and the resurgence of armed struggle]]<br /> * [[1898 proclamation of Philippine independence]]<br /> * [[1898 fall of Manila]]<br /> * [[End of Spanish rule]] and the [[1898 Treaty of Paris]]<br /> <br /> = Philippine war against US occupation (1899-1906) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the last two phases of the First Philippine Revolution:<br /> <br /> == Phase 3 (1899-1901) ==<br /> <br /> This phase covers events from the outbreak of the Philippine-American war in 1899, the ensuing battles and retreat of the main forces of the revolutionary army to Northern Luzon, to the establishment of US civilian government and the capture of Aguinaldo in 1901.<br /> <br /> == Phase 4 (1901-06) ==<br /> <br /> This phase covers the continuing formal armed resistance and strategic shift to guerrilla warfare, and the brutal US counter-insurgency campaign until the surrender of Gen. Macario Sakay in 1906. It also covers the start of the repressive US laws and other measures against the continuing nationalist sentiments and movements among the people.<br /> <br /> = US colonial rule (1901-1941) =<br /> <br /> This period covers major events during the early, middle, and late (Commonwealth) phases of direct US rule. These include various armed and unarmed resistance movements of the Filipino people against US colonial and semi-feudal rule.<br /> <br /> == US colonial rule, early phase (1901-1915) ==<br /> In this phase, the US colonial regime completed its subjugation of the Philippines and consolidated its control over the the entire country.<br /> <br /> * Establishment of civilian government<br /> * Suppression of nationalist movements and pockets of armed resistance<br /> * Filipino participation via local governments, electoral parties, Philippine Assembly<br /> <br /> == US colonial rule, middle phase (1915-1935) ==<br /> * Impact of World War I and global crisis<br /> * Jones Law of 1916<br /> * Filipinization of the bureaucracy<br /> * Establishment and growth of US-Philippine free trade<br /> * Continuing nationalist agitation, labor and agrarian unrest; the Colorum, Tayug, Sakdalista revolts<br /> * CPP establishment and illegalization<br /> <br /> == Philippine Commonwealth period (1935-1941) ==<br /> <br /> This period covers the short-lived Philippine Commonwealth as mandated by the 1935 Philippine constitution, and the preparations for the approaching world war.<br /> <br /> = World War II period (1941-1945) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and the Filipino people's anti-Japanese resistance. It may be divided into the following sub-periods and components:<br /> <br /> * [[Japanese invasion and conquest of the Philippines]] (December 1941-April 1942)<br /> * [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines and the Filipino people's war of resistance]] (1942-1945)<br /> * [[Philippine war of liberation and the return of US forces]] (October 1944 to February 1945)<br /> * The overall social, economic, political and cultural impact of the war on the Philippines and its people<br /> <br /> = Early post-war period (1945-1965) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the succeeding administrations of Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, Garcia and Macapagal.<br /> <br /> * [[Manuel Roxas administration]] (1946-1948)<br /> * [[Elpidio Quirino administration]] (1948-1953)<br /> * [[Ramon Magsaysay administration]] (1953-1957)<br /> * [[Carlos Garcia administration]] (1957-1961)<br /> * [[Diosdado Macapagal administration]] (1961-1965)<br /> <br /> This period also covers the entirety of the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB) insurgency led by the old CPP-SPP merger party, which shifted from parliamentary struggle in 1946 to armed struggle from 1948 to the late 1950s, when it again reverted back to parliamentary struggle.<br /> <br /> = Marcos period (1966-1986) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the following sub-periods:<br /> <br /> * [[Early Marcos (pre-martial law) period]] (1965-1972)<br /> ** First presidential term (1965-1969)<br /> ** Second presidential term (1969-1972)<br /> * [[Marcos dictatorship under formal martial law]] (1972-1981)<br /> * [[Decline and fall of the Marcos dictatorship]] (1981-1986)<br /> <br /> The Marcos period also covers much of the reemergence and dramatic rise of the CPP-led revolutionary movement, as well as other armed and legal movements. This process may be divided into the following phases:<br /> <br /> * Development of the KM and Leftist mass movements (1964-1967, after their reemergence in the early 1960s)<br /> * Establishment and rapid expansion of the CPP-NPA (1968-1972) and the First Quarter Storm (1970-1972)<br /> * Early years of the anti-Marcos dictatorship movement (1972-1981)<br /> * Rapid expansion of the anti-dictatorship movement (1981-1986)<br /> <br /> = Post-Marcos period (1986-present) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the Aquino I, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, and Aquino II administrations.<br /> <br /> * [[Corazon C. Aquino administration]] (1986-1992)<br /> * [[Fidel V. Ramos administration]] (1992-1998)<br /> * [[Joseph E. Estrada administration]] (1998-2001)<br /> * [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration]] (2001-2010)<br /> * [[Benigno Aquino III administration]] (2010-2016)<br /> * [[Rodrigo R. Duterte administration]] (2016-2022)<br /> * [[Ferdinand R. Marcos Jr. administration]] (2022, term set to end in 2028)<br /> <br /> <br /> This period also covers the continuing revolutionary and insurgency movements as well as open mass movements against the successive regimes of the Philippine government.</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=IRAIA_Wiki&diff=644 2025-03-12T11:26:47Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;strong&gt;Welcome to the IRAIA Wiki !&lt;/strong&gt;<br /> <br /> We are revising the wiki contents based on our new orientation and new content structure. For now, our focus is on updating our [[Current events and issues]] pages while rebuilding our Philippine history section (emphasis on recent post-World War II history, 1945-present). We will soon start reconstructing our other sections on Philippine geography and biography.<br /> <br /> * [[Current events and issues]]<br /> * [[Philippine history outline]]<br /> * [[Philippine biographies]]<br /> * [[Philippine geography]]<br /> * [[Sources on Philippine studies]]<br /> <br /> Please visit everyday for new content, and thanks for all the support.<br /> <br /> == Note from the IRAIA administrator ==<br /> <br /> (2017 March 11) I have reinstalled from scratch the old wiki site (which was running straight on version 1.19 since 2012, with an earlier pilot structure using another wiki engine since 2004). The spam user list was getting unmanageable, I wanted to overhaul the entire structure, and the database was too burdened with legacy edits and spam remnants that couldn't be nuked. So I'm reinstalling it on v1.28, building a totally new structure more carefully, repopulating manually, and trying out a new user registration and login policy.<br /> <br /> == On MediaWiki ==<br /> <br /> This IRAIA Wiki site is powered by MediaWiki. If you want more details about the wiki software itself, please consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for more information.<br /> <br /> For a quick glimpse into some aspects of the MediaWiki software you might be interested in, check the following FAQs:<br /> <br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br /> * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Current_events_and_issues&diff=643 2025-03-12T11:21:55Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Welcome to our entry page for current events and issues!'''<br /> <br /> This page lists a summary of current events and issues from the point of view of Filipinos. Necessarily, it gives main focus on the top list of current events and issues in the Philippines. But it also allows some space for trends in the world at large insofar as these may impact the Philippines as well as overseas Filipinos.<br /> <br /> As an entry page, this page will contain links to other pages on specific events and issues, which will be updated as more relevant details become publicly available and verified.<br /> <br /> * [[Duterte-era &quot;war on drugs&quot;]]<br /> * [[Duterte criminal case in the ICC]]<br /> * [[Nexperia labor union strike]]<br /> * [[Ph consumer prices, 2025]]<br /> * [[Ph power utilities under EPIRA]]<br /> * [[USAID cuts by the US under Trump]]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Current_events_and_issues&diff=642 2025-03-12T11:01:42Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>'''Welcome to our entry page for current events and issues!'''<br /> <br /> This page lists a summary of current events and issues from the point of view of Filipinos. Necessarily, it gives main focus on the top list of current events and issues in the Philippines. But it also allows some space for trends in the world at large insofar as these may impact the Philippines as well as overseas Filipinos.<br /> <br /> As an entry page, this page will contain links to other pages on specific events and issues, which will be updated as more relevant details become publicly available and verified.<br /> <br /> * [[Duterte-era &quot;war on drugs&quot;]]<br /> * [[Duterte criminal case in the ICC]]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Current_events_and_issues&diff=641 2025-03-12T10:52:18Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Protected &quot;Current events and issues&quot; ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]</p> <hr /> <div>'''Welcome to our entry page for current events and issues!'''<br /> <br /> This page lists a summary of current events and issues from the point of view of Filipinos. Necessarily, it gives main focus on the top list of current events and issues in the Philippines. But it also allows some space for trends in the world at large insofar as these may impact the Philippines as well as overseas Filipinos.<br /> <br /> As an entry page, this page will contain links to other pages on specific events and issues, which will be updated as more relevant details become publicly available and verified.</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Current_events_and_issues&diff=640 2025-03-12T10:51:27Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Created page with &quot;'''Welcome to our entry page for current events and issues!''' This page lists a summary of current events and issues from the point of view of Filipinos. Necessarily, it giv...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>'''Welcome to our entry page for current events and issues!'''<br /> <br /> This page lists a summary of current events and issues from the point of view of Filipinos. Necessarily, it gives main focus on the top list of current events and issues in the Philippines. But it also allows some space for trends in the world at large insofar as these may impact the Philippines as well as overseas Filipinos.<br /> <br /> As an entry page, this page will contain links to other pages on specific events and issues, which will be updated as more relevant details become publicly available and verified.</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=IRAIA_Wiki&diff=639 2025-03-12T10:22:55Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;strong&gt;Welcome to the IRAIA Wiki !&lt;/strong&gt;<br /> <br /> We are revising the wiki contents based on our new orientation and new content structure. For now, our focus is on updating our [[Current events and issues]] pages while rebuilding our Philippine history section (emphasis on recent post-World War II history, 1945-present). We will soon start reconstructing our other sections on Philippine geography and biography.<br /> <br /> * [[Philippine history outline]]<br /> * [[Philippine biographies]]<br /> * [[Philippine geography]]<br /> * [[Sources on Philippine studies]]<br /> <br /> Please visit everyday for new content, and thanks for all the support.<br /> <br /> == Note from the IRAIA administrator ==<br /> <br /> (2017 March 11) I have reinstalled from scratch the old wiki site (which was running straight on version 1.19 since 2012, with an earlier pilot structure using another wiki engine since 2004). The spam user list was getting unmanageable, I wanted to overhaul the entire structure, and the database was too burdened with legacy edits and spam remnants that couldn't be nuked. So I'm reinstalling it on v1.28, building a totally new structure more carefully, repopulating manually, and trying out a new user registration and login policy.<br /> <br /> == On MediaWiki ==<br /> <br /> This IRAIA Wiki site is powered by MediaWiki. If you want more details about the wiki software itself, please consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for more information.<br /> <br /> For a quick glimpse into some aspects of the MediaWiki software you might be interested in, check the following FAQs:<br /> <br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br /> * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=IRAIA_Wiki&diff=638 2025-03-12T10:18:39Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div>&lt;strong&gt;Welcome to the IRAIA Wiki !&lt;/strong&gt;<br /> <br /> We are revising the wiki contents based on our new orientation and new content structure. For now, our focus is on updating our Current Events and Issues pages while rebuilding our Philippine history section (emphasis on recent post-World War II history, 1945-present). We will soon start reconstructing our other sections on Philippine geography and biography.<br /> <br /> * [[Philippine history outline]]<br /> * [[Philippine biographies]]<br /> * [[Philippine geography]]<br /> * [[Sources on Philippine studies]]<br /> <br /> Please visit everyday for new content, and thanks for all the support.<br /> <br /> == Note from the IRAIA administrator ==<br /> <br /> (2017 March 11) I have reinstalled from scratch the old wiki site (which was running straight on version 1.19 since 2012, with an earlier pilot structure using another wiki engine since 2004). The spam user list was getting unmanageable, I wanted to overhaul the entire structure, and the database was too burdened with legacy edits and spam remnants that couldn't be nuked. So I'm reinstalling it on v1.28, building a totally new structure more carefully, repopulating manually, and trying out a new user registration and login policy.<br /> <br /> == On MediaWiki ==<br /> <br /> This IRAIA Wiki site is powered by MediaWiki. If you want more details about the wiki software itself, please consult the [//meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Help:Contents User's Guide] for more information.<br /> <br /> For a quick glimpse into some aspects of the MediaWiki software you might be interested in, check the following FAQs:<br /> <br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Configuration_settings Configuration settings list]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:FAQ MediaWiki FAQ]<br /> * [https://lists.wikimedia.org/mailman/listinfo/mediawiki-announce MediaWiki release mailing list]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Localisation#Translation_resources Localise MediaWiki for your language]<br /> * [//www.mediawiki.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Manual:Combating_spam Learn how to combat spam on your wiki]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=2019&diff=637 2021-10-10T10:09:05Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Protected &quot;2019&quot; ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == The year 2019 (running account) ==<br /> <br /> === January 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === February 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === March 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === April 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === May 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === June 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === July 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === August 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === September 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === October 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === November 2019 ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === December 2019 ===<br /> <br /> == The year 2019 (summary) ==</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=2019&diff=636 2021-10-10T10:08:37Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Created page with &quot; == The year 2019 (running account) == === January 2019 === === February 2019 === === March 2019 === === April 2019 === === May 2019 === === June 2019 === === July 2019...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> == The year 2019 (running account) ==<br /> <br /> === January 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === February 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === March 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === April 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === May 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === June 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === July 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === August 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === September 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === October 2019 ===<br /> <br /> === November 2019 ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === December 2019 ===<br /> <br /> == The year 2019 (summary) ==</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=2020&diff=635 2021-10-10T10:05:31Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Protected &quot;2020&quot; ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]</p> <hr /> <div>== The year 2020 (running account) ==<br /> <br /> === January 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === February 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === March 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === April 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === May 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === June 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === July 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === August 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === September 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === October 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === November 2020 ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === December 2020 ===</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=2020&diff=634 2021-10-10T10:05:00Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Created page with &quot;== The year 2020 (running account) == === January 2020 === === February 2020 === === March 2020 === === April 2020 === === May 2020 === === June 2020 === === July 2020...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div>== The year 2020 (running account) ==<br /> <br /> === January 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === February 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === March 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === April 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === May 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === June 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === July 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === August 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === September 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === October 2020 ===<br /> <br /> === November 2020 ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === December 2020 ===</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=2021&diff=633 2021-10-10T10:01:23Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Protected &quot;2021&quot; ([Edit=Allow only administrators] (indefinite) [Move=Allow only administrators] (indefinite)) [cascading]</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == The year 2021 (running account) ==<br /> <br /> === January 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === February 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === March 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === April 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === May 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === June 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === July 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === August 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === September 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === October 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === November 2021 ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === December 2021 ===<br /> <br /> == The year 2021 (summary) ==</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=2021&diff=632 2021-10-10T10:00:32Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Created page with &quot; == The year 2021 (running account) == === January 2021 === === February 2021 === === March 2021 === === April 2021 === === May 2021 === === June 2021 === === July 202...&quot;</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == The year 2021 (running account) ==<br /> <br /> === January 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === February 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === March 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === April 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === May 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === June 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === July 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === August 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === September 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === October 2021 ===<br /> <br /> === November 2021 ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === December 2021 ===<br /> <br /> == The year 2021 (summary) ==</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Rodrigo_R._Duterte_administration&diff=631 2021-10-10T09:57:44Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Specific events listed per year */</p> <hr /> <div>= Major issues and events during the Rodrigo Duterte administration =<br /> <br /> * The deadly anti-drug campaign<br /> * The West Philippine Sea and foreign policy on China<br /> * Foreign policy on Western powers<br /> * The GRP-NDFP peace talks and the insurgency<br /> * The national economy<br /> <br /> = Specific events listed per year =<br /> <br /> == 2016 events ==<br /> <br /> See also: [[2016]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == 2017 events ==<br /> <br /> '''See also:''' [[2017]]<br /> <br /> === AFP and PNP ===<br /> <br /> * [[AFP and PNP situation (2017)]]<br /> * [[AFP counter-insurgency program (2017)]]<br /> * [[Mamasapano cases at Sandiganbayan]]<br /> <br /> === Drug problem and the anti-drug war ===<br /> * [[Drug and narco-state problem]]. Multi-billion-peso shabu shipment via Bureau of Customs is exposed and investigated by Congress. Government officials and agencies accused of links with drug lords. <br /> * [[Duterte war on drugs]] continues. Spate of killings linked to the PNP's 'anti-drug war' puts Duterte government on the defensive. <br /> <br /> '''See also:'''<br /> * [[Kian delos Santos killing]]<br /> * [[Carl Angelo Arnaiz and Reynaldo de Guzman killings]]<br /> * [[Espinosa drug slay]]<br /> * [[Parojinog drug slays]]<br /> * [[Leila de Lima case (2017)]]<br /> <br /> === Comelec and election-related ===<br /> <br /> * [[Comelec chair Bautista under siege]] - Comelec chair [[Andres Bautista]] resigns after a series of major questions raised about his personal finances. Earlier impeachment proceedings against him at the Lower House are halted, considered 'moot and academic'.<br /> * [[Election preparations (2017)]]<br /> <br /> === Supreme Court and judiciary ===<br /> * [[Sereno impeachment proceedings]] - Supreme Court Chief Justice [[Maria Lourdes Sereno]] faces threat of impeachment at the Lower House. <br /> <br /> === Major diplomatic offensives and events ===<br /> * [[ASEAN summit in Manila]]<br /> <br /> === Mindanao and Bangsamoro ===<br /> * [[Siege of Marawi City (2017)]]<br /> * [[Martial law in Mindanao]]<br /> * [[Marawi City post-siege rehabilitation]]<br /> * [[Bangsamoro basic law revisited]]<br /> * [[Abu Sayyaf in 2017]]<br /> <br /> === CPP-NPA and the armed Left ===<br /> * [[GRP-NDFP peace talks (2017)]]<br /> * [[AFP-NPA armed clashes (2017)]]<br /> * [[CPP-NPA and NDFP situation (2017)]]<br /> <br /> === Legal Left and opposition ===<br /> <br /> * [[Activism and human rights (2017)]]<br /> * [[Nov 30 - Bonifacio Day]]<br /> <br /> === Constitution and revolutionary government ===<br /> <br /> * [[Duterte's 'revgov' call (2017)]]<br /> * [[Marcos-Robredo VP electoral protest]]<br /> <br /> === Economic program under Duterte ===<br /> * [https://newsline.com/philippine-tax-reform-bill-key-to-infrastructure-plans-clears-senate/ Philippine tax reform bill, key to infrastructure plans, clears Senate]<br /> * [[Workers situation under Duterte]]<br /> * [[General economic situation (2017)]]<br /> <br /> === Health program, situation and issues ===<br /> <br /> * [[Dengue vaccine alarm (2017)]]<br /> <br /> === Corruption cases ===<br /> <br /> * [[PDAP and DAP pork-barrel cases (2017)]]<br /> <br /> === Justice system ===<br /> <br /> * [[Prisons and prisoners situation under Duterte]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == 2018 events ==<br /> <br /> '''See also:''' [[2018]]<br /> <br /> === The environment under Duterte (2018) ===<br /> * [[Boracay closure]]<br /> * [[Destructive typhoons of 2018]]<br /> <br /> === The economy under Duterte (2018) ===<br /> * [[General economic situation (2018)]]<br /> * [[Workers situation under Duterte]]<br /> * [[Prices and inflation under Duterte]]<br /> <br /> <br /> === AFP and PNP ===<br /> <br /> * [[AFP and PNP situation (2018)]]<br /> * [[AFP counter-insurgency program (2018)]]<br /> <br /> === Drug problem and the anti-drug war ===<br /> <br /> '''See also:'''<br /> <br /> === Comelec and election-related ===<br /> <br /> * [[Election preparations (2018)]]<br /> <br /> === Supreme Court and judiciary ===<br /> * [[Sereno impeachment proceedings]] - Supreme Court Chief Justice [[Maria Lourdes Sereno]] faces threat of impeachment at the Lower House. <br /> * [[Sereno quo warranto case and removal from SC]]<br /> <br /> === Major diplomatic offensives and events ===<br /> <br /> === Mindanao and Bangsamoro ===<br /> * [[Martial law in Mindanao]]<br /> * [[Marawi City post-siege rehabilitation]]<br /> * [[Bangsamoro basic law revisited]]<br /> * [[Abu Sayyaf in 2018]]<br /> <br /> === CPP-NPA and the armed Left ===<br /> * [[GRP-NDFP peace talks (2018)]]<br /> * [[AFP-NPA armed clashes (2018)]]<br /> * [[CPP-NPA and NDFP situation (2018)]]<br /> <br /> === Legal Left and opposition ===<br /> <br /> * [[Activism and human rights (2018)]]<br /> * [[Sep 21 - ML anniversary]]<br /> <br /> === Constitution and political system ===<br /> <br /> * [[Duterte's federalism and Charter change measures (2018)]]<br /> * [[Marcos-Robredo VP electoral protest]]<br /> <br /> === Health program, situation and issues ===<br /> <br /> * [[The Dengvaxia disaster (2018)]]<br /> <br /> === Corruption ===<br /> <br /> * [[PDAP and DAP pork-barrel cases (2018)]]<br /> <br /> === Justice ===<br /> <br /> * [[Prisons and prisoners situation under Duterte]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == 2019 events ==<br /> <br /> '''See also:''' [[2019]]<br /> <br /> <br /> == 2020 events ==<br /> <br /> '''See also:''' [[2020]]<br /> <br /> == 2021 events ==<br /> <br /> '''See also:''' [[2021]]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=Philippine_history_outline&diff=630 2020-08-24T12:25:24Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Early Spanish colonial period (1521-1750) */</p> <hr /> <div>This is the Philippine history outline page. It serves as the take-off point for browsing through this site's articles, sub-outline pages, and other materials on Philippine history, from the pre-Spanish era to the current period. You might want to bookmark it for easier revisits.<br /> <br /> For a decade-by-decade and (starting in 1898) a year-by-year review of significant dates in Philippine history, you can also browse through specific decades and years in the [[General chronology of events in Philippine history]]. <br /> <br /> <br /> = Philippine prehistory =<br /> <br /> * [[The peopling of the Philippines: theories, literature, evidence]]<br /> * The probable stages of pre-Spanish social development<br /> * Pre-Spanish Luzon<br /> * Pre-Spanish Visayas<br /> * Pre-Spanish Mindanao-Sulu<br /> * Pre-Spanish external influences<br /> <br /> = Early Spanish colonial period (1521-1750) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of Spanish exploration and colonization of the Philippine islands. It may be tentatively divided into three phases:<br /> * Spanish exploration and initial colonization (1521-1571). <br /> * Expansion and consolidation of Spanish rule (1571-1650s)<br /> * Deepening of Spanish rule (1650s-1750)<br /> <br /> == Spanish exploration and initial colonization (1521-1571) ==<br /> <br /> This period covers the conditions in Spain and the rest of Europe towards the end of the 15th century that provided the impetus for opening new routes to the East Indies, and exploring and colonizing the Philippine archipelago; and the conditions of the land and people in the Philippine archipelago upon the arrival of Spanish explorers and colonizers.<br /> * Factors in Europe favorable for opening up the Philippines<br /> * Earliest Spanish expeditions to the islands<br /> * The Philippines upon the coming of Spanish colonizers<br /> * Early Philippine responses to Spanish colonization<br /> <br /> == Expansion and consolidation of Spanish rule (1571-1650s) ==<br /> * Imposition of the Spanish colonial system in key areas; pacification strategies <br /> * The feudal encomienda system; start and growth of the galleon trade (1565 onwards)<br /> * Revolts from the Dagami revolt (1567) to the Sumuroy revolt (1650)<br /> * Moro wars from 1569 (Battle of Cebu) to 1650 (Sultan Kudarat)<br /> <br /> == Deepening of Spanish rule (1650s-1750) ==<br /> <br /> This is a period during which the Spanish regime deepened its hold over widening areas of the country, excepting vast unsubjugated territories in Mindanao, Northern Luzon, and smaller interior pockets in other parts of Luzon and Visayan islands.<br /> <br /> = Middle Spanish colonial period (1750-1850) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of the maturing colonial and feudal system under Spanish rule, triggered by the rise of industrial capitalism in Europe, which in turn led to major shifts in Spanish policy on its Philippine colony.<br /> <br /> * The rise of the hacienda system and the principalia class<br /> * Decline of the encomienda system<br /> * Peak and decline of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade<br /> * Opening of the Philippine economy to world trade<br /> * Establishment of government monopolies in tobacco, wine<br /> * British invasion, major revolts in the 1760s<br /> * Economic and political reforms<br /> * Spread of liberalism<br /> <br /> = Late Spanish period (1850-1898) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of the rapid decline of the Spanish colonial and feudal system in the Philippines.<br /> <br /> * Extreme turbulence in Spain's politics from 1834 to 1873<br /> * Local government reforms of 1844 and 1847<br /> * Frequent change of Philippine governors-general in 1853-54<br /> * Educational reforms of 1863<br /> * The liberal-democratic administration of Gov. Gen. De la Torre (1869-71)<br /> * [[Impact of the Suez canal on the Philippines (late 19th century)]]<br /> * [[Rise of the Filipino ilustrado class (late 19th century]]<br /> * [[Secularization and Filipinization in the Philippine Catholic church (late 19th century)]]<br /> * [[Rising demands for Philippine political reform (late 19th century)]]<br /> * [[Cavite Mutiny of 1872]]<br /> * [[The Philippine Propaganda Movement (19th century)]]<br /> * [[La Liga Filipina]]<br /> * [[Establishment and growth of the Katipunan]]<br /> * [[Philippine Revolution of 1896-98]]<br /> <br /> = Philippine revolution against Spanish rule (1896-1898) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the first two phases of the First Philippine Revolution:<br /> <br /> == Phase 1 of the revolution (1896-97) ==<br /> from the outbreak of the Katipunan-led armed uprising in 1896 to the Peace of Biak-na-Bato<br /> * [[Discovery of the Katipunan]]<br /> * [[Cry of Balintawak]]<br /> * [[Katipunan's first skirmishes]]<br /> * [[Katipunan armed revolt spreads]]<br /> * [[Spanish reign of terror vs Katipunan]]<br /> * [[First Filipino victories vs Spain in Cavite]]<br /> * [[Rise of Aguinaldo's leadership]]<br /> * [[Katipunan factional splits in Cavite]] including the Imus Assembly<br /> * [[Execution of Rizal]]<br /> * [[Spanish offensive under Polavieja]]<br /> * [[Tejeros Assembly]]<br /> * [[Worsening Aguinaldo-Bonifacio split]]<br /> * [[Arrest, trial and execution of the Bonifacio brothers]]<br /> * [[Aguinaldo's retreat and the Biak-na-Bato Republic]]<br /> * [[Peace pact of Biak-na-Bato]] including violations<br /> <br /> == Phase 2 of the revolution ==<br /> from the outbreak of the Spanish-American war in 1898 and the resumption of the armed struggle, to the Battle of Manila and the uneasy peace that followed.<br /> <br /> * [[Armed resistance continues after Biak-na-Bato]]<br /> * [[Aguinaldo group in Hong Kong exile]]<br /> * [[Battle of Manila Bay and its direct impacts]]<br /> * [[Aguinaldo's return and the resurgence of armed struggle]]<br /> * [[1898 proclamation of Philippine independence]]<br /> * [[1898 fall of Manila]]<br /> * [[End of Spanish rule]] and the [[1898 Treaty of Paris]]<br /> <br /> = Philippine war against US occupation (1899-1906) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the last two phases of the First Philippine Revolution:<br /> <br /> == Phase 3 (1899-1901) ==<br /> <br /> This phase covers events from the outbreak of the Philippine-American war in 1899, the ensuing battles and retreat of the main forces of the revolutionary army to Northern Luzon, to the establishment of US civilian government and the capture of Aguinaldo in 1901.<br /> <br /> == Phase 4 (1901-06) ==<br /> <br /> This phase covers the continuing formal armed resistance and strategic shift to guerrilla warfare, and the brutal US counter-insurgency campaign until the surrender of Gen. Macario Sakay in 1906. It also covers the start of the repressive US laws and other measures against the continuing nationalist sentiments and movements among the people.<br /> <br /> = US colonial rule (1901-1941) =<br /> <br /> This period covers major events during the early, middle, and late (Commonwealth) phases of direct US rule. These include various armed and unarmed resistance movements of the Filipino people against US colonial and semi-feudal rule.<br /> <br /> == US colonial rule, early phase (1901-1915) ==<br /> In this phase, the US colonial regime completed its subjugation of the Philippines and consolidated its control over the the entire country.<br /> <br /> * Establishment of civilian government<br /> * Suppression of nationalist movements and pockets of armed resistance<br /> * Filipino participation via local governments, electoral parties, Philippine Assembly<br /> <br /> == US colonial rule, middle phase (1915-1935) ==<br /> * Impact of World War I and global crisis<br /> * Jones Law of 1916<br /> * Filipinization of the bureaucracy<br /> * Establishment and growth of US-Philippine free trade<br /> * Continuing nationalist agitation, labor and agrarian unrest; the Colorum, Tayug, Sakdalista revolts<br /> * CPP establishment and illegalization<br /> <br /> == Philippine Commonwealth period (1935-1941) ==<br /> <br /> This period covers the short-lived Philippine Commonwealth as mandated by the 1935 Philippine constitution, and the preparations for the approaching world war.<br /> <br /> = World War II period (1941-1945) =<br /> <br /> This is the period of the Japanese occupation of the Philippines and the Filipino people's anti-Japanese resistance. It may be divided into the following sub-periods and components:<br /> <br /> * [[Japanese invasion and conquest of the Philippines]] (December 1941-April 1942)<br /> * [[Japanese occupation of the Philippines and the Filipino people's war of resistance]] (1942-1945)<br /> * [[Philippine war of liberation and the return of US forces]] (October 1944 to February 1945)<br /> * The overall social, economic, political and cultural impact of the war on the Philippines and its people<br /> <br /> = Early post-war period (1945-1965) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the succeeding administrations of Roxas, Quirino, Magsaysay, Garcia and Macapagal.<br /> <br /> * [[Manuel Roxas administration]] (1946-1948)<br /> * [[Elpidio Quirino administration]] (1948-1953)<br /> * [[Ramon Magsaysay administration]] (1953-1957)<br /> * [[Carlos Garcia administration]] (1957-1961)<br /> * [[Diosdado Macapagal administration]] (1961-1965)<br /> <br /> This period also covers the entirety of the Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan (HMB) insurgency led by the old CPP-SPP merger party, which shifted from parliamentary struggle in 1946 to armed struggle from 1948 to the late 1950s, when it again reverted back to parliamentary struggle.<br /> <br /> = Marcos period (1966-1986) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the following sub-periods:<br /> <br /> * [[Early Marcos (pre-martial law) period]] (1965-1972)<br /> ** First presidential term (1965-1969)<br /> ** Second presidential term (1969-1972)<br /> * [[Marcos dictatorship under formal martial law]] (1972-1981)<br /> * [[Decline and fall of the Marcos dictatorship]] (1981-1986)<br /> <br /> The Marcos period also covers much of the reemergence and dramatic rise of the CPP-led revolutionary movement, as well as other armed and legal movements. This process may be divided into the following phases:<br /> <br /> * Development of the KM and Leftist mass movements (1964-1967, after their reemergence in the early 1960s)<br /> * Establishment and rapid expansion of the CPP-NPA (1968-1972) and the First Quarter Storm (1970-1972)<br /> * Early years of the anti-Marcos dictatorship movement (1972-1981)<br /> * Rapid expansion of the anti-dictatorship movement (1981-1986)<br /> <br /> = Post-Marcos period (1986-present) =<br /> <br /> This period covers the Aquino I, Ramos, Estrada, Arroyo, and Aquino II administrations.<br /> <br /> * [[Corazon C. Aquino administration]] (1986-1992)<br /> * [[Fidel V. Ramos administration]] (1992-1998)<br /> * [[Joseph E. Estrada administration]] (1998-2001)<br /> * [[Gloria Macapagal Arroyo administration]] (2001-2010)<br /> * [[Benigno Aquino III administration]] (2010-2016)<br /> * [[Rodrigo R. Duterte administration]] (2016-present, term set to end in 2022)<br /> <br /> This period also covers the continuing revolutionary and insurgency movements as well as open mass movements against the successive regimes of the Philippine government.</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=GRP-NDFP_peace_talks_(2017)&diff=629 2019-05-11T14:02:33Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> * Jul 26 [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/917852/resumption-of-peace-talks-between-govt-reds-still-possible-jalandoni Resumption of peace talks between gov’t, Reds still possible – Jalandoni]<br /> <br /> * Sep 10 [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/929292/philippine-peace-talks-jose-maria-sison-communist-party-of-the-philippines-cpp-npa-rodrigo-duterte-new-peoples-army Joma: No more peace negotiations with Duterte]<br /> <br /> * Sep 28 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/933942/reds-dismiss-dutertes-amnesty-offer-as-psywar Reds dismiss Duterte’s amnesty offer as ‘psywar’]<br /> <br /> * Sep 29 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/934314/duterte-cpp-npa-ndf-communist-peace-talks Duterte says peace talks with Reds just ‘a waste of money’]<br /> <br /> * Oct 02 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/934935/peace-talks-npa-cpp-ndf-government-forces-rebel-offensives Malacañang: NPA lost sense of nation-building]<br /> <br /> * Oct 04 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/935617/duterte-lp-npa-communist-ouster-plot Duterte says ‘yellows’, Reds unite to oust him]<br /> <br /> * Oct 30 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/941427/reds-vow-to-resume-attacks-on-govt-after-marawi-battle Reds vow to resume attacks on gov’t after Marawi battle]<br /> <br /> * Nov 01 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/942164/breaking-news-rodrigo-duterte-npa-peace-talks-surrender Duterte to NPA rebels: Surrender, get houses, jobs]<br /> <br /> * Nov 03 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/942665/dnd-echoes-dutertes-call-for-npa-to-lay-down-arms DND echoes Duterte’s call for NPA to lay down arms]<br /> <br /> * Nov 19 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946086/duterte-to-declare-npa-as-terrorist-group Duterte to declare NPA as terrorist group]<br /> <br /> * Nov 20 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946316/panfilo-lacson-gringo-honasan-tito-sotto-npa-communist-rebels-terrorist-group-president-rodrigo-duterte 3 senators support Duterte plan to tag NPA as terrorist group]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946273/theats-smack-of-marcosian-mind-set-says-bayan Threats smack of Marcosian mind-set, says Bayan]<br /> <br /> * Nov 21 [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946692/npa-ceasefire-rodrigo-duterte Duterte: No more ceasefire with NPA this Christmas]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946463/some-senators-back-duterte-plan-to-tag-npa-a-terror-group Some senators back Duterte plan to tag NPA a terror group]<br /> <br /> * Nov 22 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946812/dureza-govt-cancels-peace-talks-with-reds-dureza-duterte-npa-peace-talks-cancellation-peace-process Dureza: Gov’t cancels peace talks with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946822/dnd-afp-cpp-npa-ndf-peace-talks-communist DND, AFP to pursue ops vs NPA as PH cancels peace talks]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946833/pnp-npa-communist-rebels-no-ceasefire-peace-talks No ceasefire with Reds this Christmas season – PNP]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946945/duterte-npa-new-peoples-army-communist-rebels-left-arrest-legal-front Duterte: We will arrest communist rebels, including ‘legal fronts’]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946923/2-bishops-in-visayas-lament-collapse-of-peace-talks-with-communists 2 bishops in Visayas lament collapse of peace talks with communists]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946734/sorsogon-execs-push-local-talks-with-npa Sorsogon execs push local talks with NPA]<br /> <br /> * Nov 23 Thu [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947000/duterte-cancels-peace-talks-with-communists Duterte cancels peace talks with communists]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947228/duterte-signs-proclamation-no-360-terminating-peace-talks-with-npa-duterte-peace-talks-termination-npa Duterte signs Proclamation No. 360 terminating peace talks with NPA]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947265/hope-seen-in-local-talks-with-reds Hope seen in local talks with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947217/joma-says-npa-to-intensify-war-calls-duterte-no-1-terrorist-joma-sison-npa-attacks-peace-talks-duterte-palace Joma says NPA to intensify war; calls Duterte No. 1 terrorist]<br /> <br /> * Nov 24 Fri https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947342/peace-talks-grp-ndf-npa-cpp-president-rodrigo-duterte-norway-royal-norwegian-government-caser<br /> * https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947445/palace-refutes-joma-for-calling-duterte-no-1-terrorist-cpp-malacanang-joma-sison-duterte-roque-terrorism<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947428/joma-questions-duterte-mental-capability-to-handle-state-affairs Joma questions Duterte mental capability to handle state affairs]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947342/peace-talks-grp-ndf-npa-cpp-president-rodrigo-duterte-norway-royal-norwegian-government-caser Bayan laments ‘wasted chance for peace’ amid cancelled talks with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947303/makabayan-bloc-warns-vs-red-baiting Makabayan bloc warns vs red-baiting]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947265/hope-seen-in-local-talks-with-reds Hope seen in local talks with Reds]<br /> <br /> * Nov 25 Sat https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/duterte-formally-ends-peace-talks-reds<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/25/pnp-afp-commanders-await-guidance-on-arrest-of-ndf-consultants/<br /> * http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/24/afp-backs-prrd-order-to-end-peace-talks-with-reds/<br /> * http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/25/military-step-up-offensives-expects-npa-attacks.html<br /> * http://bulatlat.com/main/2017/11/25/president-duterte-gaming-grp-ndfp-peace-talks/<br /> * http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/25/Duterte-Joma-Sison-CPP-NPA-NDF.html<br /> * http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/634417/karapatan-says-proclamation-360-fits-duterte-s-obsession-to-be-marcos-2-0/story/<br /> * http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/25/military-on-alert-after-end-of-peace-talks-with-reds/<br /> * https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/189416-how-duterte-sabotaged-grp-nfd-peace-process-joma-sison<br /> * https://www.update.ph/2017/11/military-awaits-guidance-on-arrest-of-ndf-consultants/22950<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/?p=437956<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/11/25/nupl-statement-dutertes-threat-arrest-cpp-npa-legal-fronts-576489<br /> * http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/634425/afp-backs-duterte-s-termination-of-peace-talks-with-reds/story/<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/25/1762389/no-coalition-government-reds-sison-says-duterte-big-liar<br /> * http://www.businessinsider.com/r-philippines-duterte-ditches-peace-process-with-maoist-rebels-2017-11<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/zamboanga/local-news/2017/11/25/eastmincom-places-forces-alert-576732<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/26/duterte-says-jail-awaits-joma/<br /> * https://www.telesurtv.net/english/opinion/Duterte-Is-a-Big-Liar-20171125-0011.html<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/26/1762599/chr-monitor-campaign-vs-communists<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/military-pushes-lgu-negotiations/365078/<br /> * http://tempo.com.ph/2017/11/26/duterte-orders-arrest-of-cpp-founder-sison/<br /> * http://www.arabnews.com/node/1199181/world<br /> * https://pakobserver.net/duterte-ditches-peace-process-maoist-rebels/<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947578/joma-calls-duterte-big-liar-in-refusal-to-form-coalition-govt-with-reds Joma calls Duterte’ big liar’ in refusal to form coalition gov’t with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947582/duterte-to-sison-i-will-arrest-you-or-better-yet-never-come-back-home Duterte to Sison: I will arrest you or better yet never come back home]<br /> <br /> * Nov 26 Sun http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/25/afp-ready-to-fight-rebels-accept-surrenderers/<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/11/26/duterte-sison-i-wont-allow-your-return-ph-576660<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/11/26/pimentel-president-correct-ending-peace-talks-576779<br /> <br /> * Nov 27 Mon http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/halfway-houses-to-be-established-for-philippines-ex-rebels-1.2130651<br /> * http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/26/local-peace-talks-bear-fruit-military.html<br /> * http://www.malaya.com.ph/business-news/news/npa-attacks-increasing-says-afp<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/?p=438175<br /> * http://www.mvariety.com/regional-news/100372-duterte-aching-to-become-dictator-says-communist-party-founder<br /> * http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/26/17/joma-calls-duterte-a-big-liar-accuses-family-of-drug-links<br /> * https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/11/26/philippine-military-chief-orders-troops-to-crush-leftist-rebels/<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/27/pnp-to-use-anti-terror-law-vs-reds/<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/2017/11/27/wenceslao-sison-and-reality-576849<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/sison-delusional-communists-demanding-republic-can-never-give/365224/<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/say-clarity-time-end-communist-insurgency-completely/365227/<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/11/27/1762814/terrorists-plain-and-simple<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/27/1762922/rody-terrorists-npa-face-same-treatment-their-victims<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/palparan-freedom-will-delight-soldiers-afp/365248/<br /> * http://en.brinkwire.com/1108/is-philippines-prepared-for-another-war-after-victory-against-isis/<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/?p=438209<br /> * http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/26/guerrero-orders-more-military-ops-to-deter-npa-raids/<br /> * http://www.atimes.com/article/dutertes-peace-try-falls-pieces/<br /> * http://www.malaysiandigest.com/world/709912-philippine-president-calls-on-rebels-to-surrender.html<br /> * https://www.voanews.com/a/lack-of-dialogue-may-push-rebels-in-philippines/4138032.html<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947862/expert-says-duterte-gave-reds-a-chance-analyst-cites-incoherent-policy Expert says Duterte gave Reds a chance; analyst cites 'incoherent policy']<br /> * [http://bulatlat.com/main/2017/11/27/with-the-end-of-peace-talks-threat-of-crackdown-more-violations-being-reported/ With the end of peace talks, threat of crackdown, more violations being reported]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947829/3-key-facts-on-justice-truce-labor-now-shelved 3 key facts on justice, truce, labor now shelved]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947929/presidential-spokesperson-harry-roque-peace-talks-cpp-npa-communist-rebels-move-on Roque to Reds: ‘Move on’]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947924/peace-talks-president-rodrigo-duterte-cpp-npa-ndf-philippine-government-harry-presidential-spokesperson-harry-roque Roque says ‘ball is in the court of CPP-NPA’ after peace talks termination]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947862/expert-says-duterte-gave-reds-a-chance-analyst-cites-incoherent-policy Expert says Duterte gave Reds a chance; analyst cites ‘incoherent policy’]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=GRP-NDFP_peace_talks_(2017)&diff=628 2019-05-11T14:01:08Z

<p>Iraiawiki: </p> <hr /> <div><br /> * Jul 26 [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/917852/resumption-of-peace-talks-between-govt-reds-still-possible-jalandoni Resumption of peace talks between gov’t, Reds still possible – Jalandoni]<br /> <br /> * Sep 10 [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/929292/philippine-peace-talks-jose-maria-sison-communist-party-of-the-philippines-cpp-npa-rodrigo-duterte-new-peoples-army Joma: No more peace negotiations with Duterte]<br /> <br /> * Sep 28 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/933942/reds-dismiss-dutertes-amnesty-offer-as-psywar Reds dismiss Duterte’s amnesty offer as ‘psywar’]<br /> <br /> * Sep 29 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/934314/duterte-cpp-npa-ndf-communist-peace-talks Duterte says peace talks with Reds just ‘a waste of money’]<br /> <br /> * Oct 02 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/934935/peace-talks-npa-cpp-ndf-government-forces-rebel-offensives Malacañang: NPA lost sense of nation-building]<br /> <br /> * Oct 04 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/935617/duterte-lp-npa-communist-ouster-plot Duterte says ‘yellows’, Reds unite to oust him]<br /> <br /> * Oct 30 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/941427/reds-vow-to-resume-attacks-on-govt-after-marawi-battle Reds vow to resume attacks on gov’t after Marawi battle]<br /> <br /> * Nov 01 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/942164/breaking-news-rodrigo-duterte-npa-peace-talks-surrender Duterte to NPA rebels: Surrender, get houses, jobs]<br /> <br /> * Nov 03 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/942665/dnd-echoes-dutertes-call-for-npa-to-lay-down-arms DND echoes Duterte’s call for NPA to lay down arms]<br /> <br /> * Nov 19 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946086/duterte-to-declare-npa-as-terrorist-group Duterte to declare NPA as terrorist group]<br /> <br /> * Nov 20 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946316/panfilo-lacson-gringo-honasan-tito-sotto-npa-communist-rebels-terrorist-group-president-rodrigo-duterte 3 senators support Duterte plan to tag NPA as terrorist group]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946273/theats-smack-of-marcosian-mind-set-says-bayan Threats smack of Marcosian mind-set, says Bayan]<br /> <br /> * Nov 21 [http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946692/npa-ceasefire-rodrigo-duterte Duterte: No more ceasefire with NPA this Christmas]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946463/some-senators-back-duterte-plan-to-tag-npa-a-terror-group Some senators back Duterte plan to tag NPA a terror group]<br /> <br /> * Nov 22 [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946812/dureza-govt-cancels-peace-talks-with-reds-dureza-duterte-npa-peace-talks-cancellation-peace-process<br /> Dureza: Gov’t cancels peace talks with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946822/dnd-afp-cpp-npa-ndf-peace-talks-communist DND, AFP to pursue ops vs NPA as PH cancels peace talks]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946833/pnp-npa-communist-rebels-no-ceasefire-peace-talks No ceasefire with Reds this Christmas season – PNP]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946945/duterte-npa-new-peoples-army-communist-rebels-left-arrest-legal-front Duterte: We will arrest communist rebels, including ‘legal fronts’]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946923/2-bishops-in-visayas-lament-collapse-of-peace-talks-with-communists 2 bishops in Visayas lament collapse of peace talks with communists]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/946734/sorsogon-execs-push-local-talks-with-npa Sorsogon execs push local talks with NPA]<br /> <br /> * Nov 23 Thu [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947000/duterte-cancels-peace-talks-with-communists Duterte cancels peace talks with communists]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947228/duterte-signs-proclamation-no-360-terminating-peace-talks-with-npa-duterte-peace-talks-termination-npa Duterte signs Proclamation No. 360 terminating peace talks with NPA]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947265/hope-seen-in-local-talks-with-reds Hope seen in local talks with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947217/joma-says-npa-to-intensify-war-calls-duterte-no-1-terrorist-joma-sison-npa-attacks-peace-talks-duterte-palace Joma says NPA to intensify war; calls Duterte No. 1 terrorist]<br /> <br /> * Nov 24 Fri https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947342/peace-talks-grp-ndf-npa-cpp-president-rodrigo-duterte-norway-royal-norwegian-government-caser<br /> * https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947445/palace-refutes-joma-for-calling-duterte-no-1-terrorist-cpp-malacanang-joma-sison-duterte-roque-terrorism<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947428/joma-questions-duterte-mental-capability-to-handle-state-affairs Joma questions Duterte mental capability to handle state affairs]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947342/peace-talks-grp-ndf-npa-cpp-president-rodrigo-duterte-norway-royal-norwegian-government-caser Bayan laments ‘wasted chance for peace’ amid cancelled talks with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947303/makabayan-bloc-warns-vs-red-baiting Makabayan bloc warns vs red-baiting]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947265/hope-seen-in-local-talks-with-reds Hope seen in local talks with Reds]<br /> <br /> * Nov 25 Sat https://reliefweb.int/report/philippines/duterte-formally-ends-peace-talks-reds<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/25/pnp-afp-commanders-await-guidance-on-arrest-of-ndf-consultants/<br /> * http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/24/afp-backs-prrd-order-to-end-peace-talks-with-reds/<br /> * http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/25/military-step-up-offensives-expects-npa-attacks.html<br /> * http://bulatlat.com/main/2017/11/25/president-duterte-gaming-grp-ndfp-peace-talks/<br /> * http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/25/Duterte-Joma-Sison-CPP-NPA-NDF.html<br /> * http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/634417/karapatan-says-proclamation-360-fits-duterte-s-obsession-to-be-marcos-2-0/story/<br /> * http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/25/military-on-alert-after-end-of-peace-talks-with-reds/<br /> * https://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/189416-how-duterte-sabotaged-grp-nfd-peace-process-joma-sison<br /> * https://www.update.ph/2017/11/military-awaits-guidance-on-arrest-of-ndf-consultants/22950<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/?p=437956<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/11/25/nupl-statement-dutertes-threat-arrest-cpp-npa-legal-fronts-576489<br /> * http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/news/nation/634425/afp-backs-duterte-s-termination-of-peace-talks-with-reds/story/<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/25/1762389/no-coalition-government-reds-sison-says-duterte-big-liar<br /> * http://www.businessinsider.com/r-philippines-duterte-ditches-peace-process-with-maoist-rebels-2017-11<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/zamboanga/local-news/2017/11/25/eastmincom-places-forces-alert-576732<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/26/duterte-says-jail-awaits-joma/<br /> * https://www.telesurtv.net/english/opinion/Duterte-Is-a-Big-Liar-20171125-0011.html<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/26/1762599/chr-monitor-campaign-vs-communists<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/military-pushes-lgu-negotiations/365078/<br /> * http://tempo.com.ph/2017/11/26/duterte-orders-arrest-of-cpp-founder-sison/<br /> * http://www.arabnews.com/node/1199181/world<br /> * https://pakobserver.net/duterte-ditches-peace-process-maoist-rebels/<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947578/joma-calls-duterte-big-liar-in-refusal-to-form-coalition-govt-with-reds Joma calls Duterte’ big liar’ in refusal to form coalition gov’t with Reds]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947582/duterte-to-sison-i-will-arrest-you-or-better-yet-never-come-back-home Duterte to Sison: I will arrest you or better yet never come back home]<br /> <br /> * Nov 26 Sun http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/25/afp-ready-to-fight-rebels-accept-surrenderers/<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/11/26/duterte-sison-i-wont-allow-your-return-ph-576660<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/manila/local-news/2017/11/26/pimentel-president-correct-ending-peace-talks-576779<br /> <br /> * Nov 27 Mon http://gulfnews.com/news/asia/philippines/halfway-houses-to-be-established-for-philippines-ex-rebels-1.2130651<br /> * http://cnnphilippines.com/news/2017/11/26/local-peace-talks-bear-fruit-military.html<br /> * http://www.malaya.com.ph/business-news/news/npa-attacks-increasing-says-afp<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/?p=438175<br /> * http://www.mvariety.com/regional-news/100372-duterte-aching-to-become-dictator-says-communist-party-founder<br /> * http://news.abs-cbn.com/news/11/26/17/joma-calls-duterte-a-big-liar-accuses-family-of-drug-links<br /> * https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2017/11/26/philippine-military-chief-orders-troops-to-crush-leftist-rebels/<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/2017/11/27/pnp-to-use-anti-terror-law-vs-reds/<br /> * http://www.sunstar.com.ph/cebu/opinion/2017/11/27/wenceslao-sison-and-reality-576849<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/sison-delusional-communists-demanding-republic-can-never-give/365224/<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/say-clarity-time-end-communist-insurgency-completely/365227/<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/opinion/2017/11/27/1762814/terrorists-plain-and-simple<br /> * http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2017/11/27/1762922/rody-terrorists-npa-face-same-treatment-their-victims<br /> * http://www.manilatimes.net/palparan-freedom-will-delight-soldiers-afp/365248/<br /> * http://en.brinkwire.com/1108/is-philippines-prepared-for-another-war-after-victory-against-isis/<br /> * https://news.mb.com.ph/?p=438209<br /> * http://www.canadianinquirer.net/2017/11/26/guerrero-orders-more-military-ops-to-deter-npa-raids/<br /> * http://www.atimes.com/article/dutertes-peace-try-falls-pieces/<br /> * http://www.malaysiandigest.com/world/709912-philippine-president-calls-on-rebels-to-surrender.html<br /> * https://www.voanews.com/a/lack-of-dialogue-may-push-rebels-in-philippines/4138032.html<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947862/expert-says-duterte-gave-reds-a-chance-analyst-cites-incoherent-policy Expert says Duterte gave Reds a chance; analyst cites 'incoherent policy']<br /> * [http://bulatlat.com/main/2017/11/27/with-the-end-of-peace-talks-threat-of-crackdown-more-violations-being-reported/ With the end of peace talks, threat of crackdown, more violations being reported]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947829/3-key-facts-on-justice-truce-labor-now-shelved 3 key facts on justice, truce, labor now shelved]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947929/presidential-spokesperson-harry-roque-peace-talks-cpp-npa-communist-rebels-move-on Roque to Reds: ‘Move on’]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947924/peace-talks-president-rodrigo-duterte-cpp-npa-ndf-philippine-government-harry-presidential-spokesperson-harry-roque Roque says ‘ball is in the court of CPP-NPA’ after peace talks termination]<br /> * [https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/947862/expert-says-duterte-gave-reds-a-chance-analyst-cites-incoherent-policy Expert says Duterte gave Reds a chance; analyst cites ‘incoherent policy’]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=627 2019-05-11T13:06:24Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Solheim's Nusantao variation: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5,000 BCE). The ‘out of Taiwan’ view of a recent rapid migration from China via Taiwan (3,000–4,000 BC), spreading to replace the older populations of Indonesia after 2,000 BC, is shown as a finer dotted line. (Source: Oppenheimer 2003.)<br /> <br /> [[File:Different models of Austronesian migration 2.png]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Simplified map showing the general routes of &quot;two major waves of Austronesian migration&quot;<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> * F. Landa Jocano. 1975. Philippine Prehistory: An Anthropological Overview of the Beginnings of Filipino Society and Culture.<br /> * William Henry Scott. 1984. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. <br /> * William Henry Scott. 1994. Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society.<br /> * [https://www.ai-journal.com/articles/10.5334/ai.0216/galley/177/download/ Elisabeth A. Bacus. Later prehistory of the Philippines: colonial images and archaeology]<br /> <br /> * [http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/888/public/888-3207-1-PB.pdf F. Landa Jocano. 1967. The Beginnings of Filipino Society and Culture. Philippine Studies vol. 15, no. 1 (1967): 9–40]<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/1413586/The_lower_Palaeolithic_record_in_the_Philippines Alfred Pawlik. 2010. The lower Palaeolithic record in the Philippines. Quaternary International 223-224: 444-450.]<br /> <br /> * [http://www.philippinestudies.net/files/journals/1/articles/889/public/889-3856-1-PB.pdf Robert Fox. 1967. The Archeological Record of Chinese Influences in the Philippines. Philippine Studies vol. 15, no. 1 (1967): 41–62]<br /> <br /> * [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/19126/1/AP-v13n1-47-58.pdf Wilhelm G. Solheim II. 1968. Prehistoric Archaeology in Eastern Mainland Southeast Asia and the Philippines]<br /> <br /> * [https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/15243/The%20Age%20of%20Discovery%20-%20Impact%20on%20Philippine%20Culture%20and%20Society.pdf Belinda A. Aquino and Dean T. Alegado (eds). 1992. The Age ofDiscovery: Impact on Philippine Culture and Society]<br /> <br /> * [https://journals.lib.washington.edu/index.php/BIPPA/article/view/11858/10485]<br /> <br /> * [https://oxfordre.com/asianhistory/view/10.1093/acrefore/9780190277727.001.0001/acrefore-9780190277727-e-66 Hsiao-chun Hung and Chin-yung Chao. 2016. Taiwan’s Early Metal Age and Southeast Asian trading systems]<br /> <br /> * [https://anthrosource.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1525/aa.1946.48.2.02a00010]<br /> <br /> * [https://link.springer.com/article/10.1023/A:1022611908759 1998. Integrating History and Archaeology in the Study of Contact Period Philippine Chiefdoms. International Journal of Historical Archaeology]<br /> <br /> * [https://science.sciencemag.org/content/361/6397/88 Hugh McColl, Fernando Racimo et al. 2018. The prehistoric peopling of Southeast Asia. Science 06 Jul 2018:Vol. 361, Issue 6397, pp. 88-92. DOI: 10.1126/science.aat3628]<br /> <br /> * [http://www.pnclink.org/pnc2009/english/PresentationMaterial/Oct08/08-Rm4-Austraonesian1/0950_08-Austronesian-ppt-ChengHwaTsang.pdf Cheng-hwa Tsang. A New Hypothesis of Austronesian Origin and Dispersal：Archaeological Evidence from Taiwan]<br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [http://hopsea.mnhn.fr/doc/2008QP11program.pdf Prehistory of Southeast Asia. 2008. International seminar on the oldest Human settlements in Eurasia]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=626 2019-05-11T11:37:53Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Solheim's Nusantao variation: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5,000 BCE). The ‘out of Taiwan’ view of a recent rapid migration from China via Taiwan (3,000–4,000 BC), spreading to replace the older populations of Indonesia after 2,000 BC, is shown as a finer dotted line. (Source: Oppenheimer 2003.)<br /> <br /> [[File:Different models of Austronesian migration 2.png]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Simplified map showing the general routes of &quot;two major waves of Austronesian migration&quot;<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> * F. Landa Jocano. 1975. Philippine Prehistory: An Anthropological Overview of the Beginnings of Filipino Society and Culture.<br /> * William Henry Scott. 1984. Prehispanic Source Materials for the Study of Philippine History. <br /> * William Henry Scott. 1994. Barangay: Sixteenth-Century Philippine Culture and Society.<br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [http://hopsea.mnhn.fr/doc/2008QP11program.pdf Prehistory of Southeast Asia. 2008. International seminar on the oldest Human settlements in Eurasia]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=625 2019-05-11T11:03:51Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On pre-Austronesian hominins */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Solheim's Nusantao variation: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5,000 BCE). The ‘out of Taiwan’ view of a recent rapid migration from China via Taiwan (3,000–4,000 BC), spreading to replace the older populations of Indonesia after 2,000 BC, is shown as a finer dotted line. (Source: Oppenheimer 2003.)<br /> <br /> [[File:Different models of Austronesian migration 2.png]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Simplified map showing the general routes of &quot;two major waves of Austronesian migration&quot;<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [http://hopsea.mnhn.fr/doc/2008QP11program.pdf Prehistory of Southeast Asia. 2008. International seminar on the oldest Human settlements in Eurasia]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=624 2019-05-11T08:43:17Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Theories, evidence and arguments on the peopling of the Philippines</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Solheim's Nusantao variation: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5,000 BCE). The ‘out of Taiwan’ view of a recent rapid migration from China via Taiwan (3,000–4,000 BC), spreading to replace the older populations of Indonesia after 2,000 BC, is shown as a finer dotted line. (Source: Oppenheimer 2003.)<br /> <br /> [[File:Different models of Austronesian migration 2.png]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Simplified map showing the general routes of &quot;two major waves of Austronesian migration&quot;<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=623 2019-05-11T08:37:53Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Austronesian migrations theory */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5,000 BCE). The ‘out of Taiwan’ view of a recent rapid migration from China via Taiwan (3,000–4,000 BC), spreading to replace the older populations of Indonesia after 2,000 BC, is shown as a finer dotted line. (Source: Oppenheimer 2003.)<br /> <br /> [[File:Different models of Austronesian migration 2.png]]<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Simplified map showing the general routes of &quot;two major waves of Austronesian migration&quot;<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=622 2019-05-11T08:35:21Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Austronesian migrations theory */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5,000 BC). The ‘out of Taiwan’ view of a recent rapid migration from China via Taiwan (3,000–4,000 BC), spreading to replace the older populations of Indonesia after 2,000 BC, is shown as a red dotted line. (Source: Oppenheimer 2003.)<br /> <br /> [[File:Different models of Austronesian migration 2.png]]<br /> <br /> <br /> '''Figure.''' Simplified map showing &quot;two waves of Austronesian migration&quot;<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=621 2019-05-11T08:31:10Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Austronesian migrations theory */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> [[File:Different models of Austronesian migration 2.png]]<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=File:Different_models_of_Austronesian_migration_2.png&diff=620 2019-05-11T08:29:05Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5...</p> <hr /> <div>Map showing two main alternative views of Austronesian origins, on-shore and off-shore. The oldest view represented by Meacham (solid triangle), Terrell and Solheim (interrupted solid black line and circle) argues an Island Southeast Asian homeland (&gt;5,000 BC). The ‘out of Taiwan’ view of a recent rapid migration from China via Taiwan (3,000–4,000 BC), spreading to replace the older populations of Indonesia after 2,000 BC, is shown as a red dotted line. (Source: Oppenheimer 2003.)</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=619 2019-05-11T08:03:01Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Austronesian migrations theory */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> [[File:Austronesian migration models.JPG]]<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=File:Austronesian_migration_models.JPG&diff=618 2019-05-11T08:00:50Z

<p>Iraiawiki: Migration models relating to the origins of Austronesians. (A) “Early train” model originating from Indochina/South China 30,000–10,000 years ago. (B) “Express train” model originating from Taiwan 7,000–5,000 years ago. (Source: Jinam et al...</p> <hr /> <div>Migration models relating to the origins of Austronesians. (A) “Early train” model originating from Indochina/South China 30,000–10,000 years ago. (B) “Express train” model originating from Taiwan 7,000–5,000 years ago. (Source: Jinam et al. 2012. doi:10.1093/molbev/mss169)</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=617 2019-05-11T07:54:04Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On pre-Austronesian hominins */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://academic.oup.com/mbe/article-pdf/29/11/3513/13648595/mss169.pdf Timothy A. Jinam, Lih-Chun Hong et al. 2012. Evolutionary History of Continental Southeast Asians: “Early Train” Hypothesis Based on Genetic Analysis of Mitochondrial and Autosomal DNA Data]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=616 2019-05-11T07:37:07Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On pre-Austronesian hominins */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/pdfplus/10.1086/694420 Christopher J. Bae, Katerina Douka, and Michael D. Petraglia. 2017. Human Colonization of Asia in the Late Pleistocene]<br /> * [https://reich.hms.harvard.edu/sites/reich.hms.harvard.edu/files/inline-files/Online_pub_science.aat3188.full__0.pdf Lipson, Cheronet et al. 2018. Ancient genomes document multiple waves of migration in Southeast Asian prehistory]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=615 2019-05-11T07:17:42Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On pre-Austronesian hominins */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233854184_Foraging-Farming_Transitions_in_Island_Southeast_Asia Graeme Barker and Martin B. Richards. 2012. Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://clas.uiowa.edu/sites/default/files/news-events/Larick-Ciochon-2015-Hominin%20Biogeography-ISEA-Evolutionary-Anthropology.pdf Roy Larick and Russell L. Ciochon. 2015. Early Hominin Biogeography in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329876661_2019_History_and_Current_Debates_of_Archaeology_in_Island_Southeast_Asia/download Hsiao-chun Hung. 2019. History and Current Debates of Archaeology in Island Southeast Asia]<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=614 2019-05-11T07:01:56Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On the Austronesians */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [http://www.ling.hawaii.edu/research/WorkingPapers/wp-NalaLee.pdf Nala Huiying Lee. 2012. Multidisciplinary Perspectives on the Austronesian Homeland: A Critique]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=613 2019-05-11T06:53:26Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Earlier theories */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three or four migration waves&quot; (also known as &quot;multiple homelands&quot;) theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=612 2019-05-11T06:51:49Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On the Austronesians */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/27919030/Austronesian_spread_into_Southeast_Asia_and_Oceania_where_from_and_when_Oppenheimer_2003 Stephen Oppenheimer. 2003. Austronesian spread into Southeast Asia and Oceania:where from and when?]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]<br /> * [https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/file/index/docid/119458/filename/Gaillard_Mallari.doc Jean-Christophe Gaillard and Joel P. Mallari. The peopling of the Philippines: A cartographic synthesis]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=611 2019-05-11T06:32:11Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On the Austronesians */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015.]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=610 2019-05-11T06:31:32Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On the Austronesians */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]<br /> * [Soares, Trejaut et al. 2015. Resolving the ancestry of Austronesian‑speaking populations. 2015. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/290963663_Resolving_the_ancestry_of_Austronesian-speaking_populations/download]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=609 2019-05-11T06:30:29Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Austronesian migrations theory */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Oppenheimer's &quot;out of Wallacea&quot; (aka &quot;slow boat&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence and related arguments in support of either theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=608 2019-05-11T06:24:37Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Austronesian migrations theory */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; (aka &quot;express train&quot;) theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=607 2019-05-11T06:00:07Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On pre-Austronesian hominins in the vicinity of the Philippines */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=606 2019-05-11T05:59:24Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On pre-Austronesian hominins */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins in the vicinity of the Philippines ===<br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=605 2019-05-11T05:58:34Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On the Austronesians */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/237483775_1_Austronesian_cultural_origins_Out_of_Taiwan_via_the_Batanes_Islands_and_onwards_to_Western_Polynesia/download Peter Bellwood and Eusebio Dizon. 2008. Austronesian cultural origins: Out of Taiwan, via the Batanes Islands, and onwards to Western Polynesia.]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=604 2019-05-11T05:54:40Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On the Austronesians */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon (eds). 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=603 2019-05-11T05:53:22Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* On the Austronesians */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&amp;docid=458826 The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives - OAPEN]<br /> * [https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt2jbjx1.4 Peter Bellwood, James J. Fox, Darrell Tryon. 2006. The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=602 2019-05-11T05:51:12Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Notes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> === On pre-Austronesian hominins ===<br /> <br /> <br /> === On the Austronesians ===<br /> <br /> * [https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&amp;docid=458826 The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives - OAPEN]<br /> * [http://press-files.anu.edu.au/downloads/press/p69411/pdf/ch0543.pdf The Austronesians - ANU Press]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/236169876_Origins_of_the_Austronesian_Peoples David R. Thomas. 2011. Origins of the Austronesian Peoples]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=601 2019-05-11T05:42:25Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Notes */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==<br /> <br /> [https://www.oapen.org/download?type=document&amp;docid=458826 The Austronesians: Historical and Comparative Perspectives - OAPEN]</div>

Iraiawiki http://wiki.iraia.net/mw/index.php?title=The_peopling_of_the_Philippines:_theories,_literature,_evidence&diff=600 2019-05-11T05:24:42Z

<p>Iraiawiki: /* Arrival or emergence of early hominin populations */</p> <hr /> <div><br /> <br /> == General theory on the geological emergence of the Philippine islands ==<br /> <br /> There are actually several theories on how the various geological (including tectonic and climatic) forces resulted in the emergence and shaping of the Philippine islands, as well as the time scales involved. These theories agree on some key aspects and conflict on others. For detailed explanation about particular theories and their ramifications, see: [[Geological development of the Philippine islands]].<br /> <br /> In general terms, however, currently there is just one comprehensive scientific theory that organizes much of the available geological evidence into one integrated whole. This theory is based on plate tectonics.<br /> <br /> <br /> === Fundamental role of plate tectonics ===<br /> <br /> On vast time scales of millions of years, it is now well-established that tectonic plate movements shaped much of the geological structure that created and now underlies the Philippines. The plate tectonic reconstructions of SEARG [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/] show these movements in an animated visual way that is easily understood by most people.<br /> <br /> [[File:sea_2001_5Ma-300x207.gif]]<br /> <br /> Most geological experts are now agreed that the structure underlying the bulk of the country -- the Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) sometimes simply called the Philippine Plate -- was created by the gradual convergence of the Philippine Sea Plate (itself just the western margin of the much bigger Pacific Plate domain) to the east, the Eurasian Plate (particularly its Sunda Block) to the west, and the Indo-Australian Plate to the south.<br /> <br /> [[File:Eurasia-Pacific tectonic plates.png]]<br /> <br /> === Effect of other geological forces ===<br /> <br /> On relatively shorter time scales of a million years or less, tectonic plate movements have a less dramatic impact on the configuration of the emergent archipelago. Meanwhile, on such scales, volcanism, subsidence and uplifting, and major climate changes continue to reshape particular island arcs, &quot;land bridges&quot;, and mountain ranges whether now submerged or above sea level. <br /> <br /> In that context, the continued movement and reshaping of the Philippine land forms on finer scales, vis-a-vis the Eurasian land mass and neighboring island arcs, have greatly affected the pattern of how the country was eventually populated by our hominin (proto-human and later fully human) ancestors after the first founding populations arrived and settled the land. <br /> <br /> Various theories on the peopling of the Philippines have been proposed, elaborated, and criticized accordingly.<br /> <br /> ----<br /> <br /> === Sources ===<br /> <br /> * [http://searg.rhul.ac.uk/current-research/research-by-topic/plate-tectonic-reconstructions-models/ SEARG Plate Tectonic Reconstructions – Models]<br /> * [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280113345_New_Definition_of_Philippine_Plate_Boundaries_and_Implications_to_the_Philippine_Mobile_Belt New Definition of Philippine Plate Boundaries and Implications to the Philippine Mobile Belt]<br /> * [https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016JB012923 Philippine Sea and East Asian plate tectonics since 52 Ma constrained by new subducted slab reconstruction methods]<br /> * [https://www.academia.edu/23296116/Timing_and_tectonic_controls_in_the_evolving_orogen_of_SE_Asia_and_the_western_Pacific_and_some_implications_for_ore_generation Timing and tectonic controls in the evolving orogen of SE Asia and the western Pacific and some implications for ore generation]<br /> <br /> == Theories on the peopling of the Philippines ==<br /> <br /> <br /> === Arrival or emergence of early hominin (pre-Austronesian) populations ===<br /> <br /> * Prevailing theories on the earliest peopling of Southeast Asia<br /> * Homo-related artifacts in Kalinga ca. 700 Kya<br /> * Homo luzonensis and related discoveries in archaeological sites (Callao, Tabon)<br /> <br /> === Austronesian migrations theory ===<br /> <br /> * Bellwood and Blust's &quot;out of Taiwan&quot; theory of Austronesian migrations<br /> * Basic archaeological, linguistic and other evidence in support of this theory<br /> <br /> === Variations on the Austronesian theory ===<br /> <br /> * Solheim's Nusantao theory: Pre-Austronesian origins somewhere in Indochina, spread to Island Southeast Asia and further development into Austronesian.<br /> <br /> === Earlier theories ===<br /> <br /> * Otley H. Beyer's &quot;three migration waves&quot; theory<br /> * F. Landa Jocano's &quot;core population&quot; theory<br /> <br /> == Literature on prehistoric and pre-Hispanic periods ==<br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> <br /> == Evidence from archaeology, genomics, and linguistics ==<br /> <br /> ==Notes==</div>

Iraiawiki